Contents
Preface............................................................................................................................................6
Chapter 1: Common Number Systems and Conversions Overview......................................8
Overview..................................................................................................................................8
1.1 Decimal, Binary, Octal, and Hexadecimal Systems............................................................8
1.2 Binary, Octal, and Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversions................................................10
1.3 Decimal to Binary, Octal, and Hexadecimal Conversions................................................11
1.4 Binary-Octal-Hexadecimal Conversions...........................................................................14
1.5 Summary..........................................................................................................................16
1.6 Exercises..........................................................................................................................17
1.7 Solutions to End-of-Chapter Exercises.............................................................................21
Chapter 2: Operations in Binary, Octal, and Hexadecimal Systems....................................22
Overview................................................................................................................................22
2.1 Binary System Operations.................................................................................................22
2.2 Octal System Operations...................................................................................................24
2.3 Hexadecimal System Operations......................................................................................26
2.4 Complements of Numbers.................................................................................................28
2.5 Subtraction with Tens- and Twos-Complements...............................................................31
2.6 Subtraction with Nines- and Ones-Complements.............................................................33
2.7 Summary..........................................................................................................................35
2.8 Exercises..........................................................................................................................36
Chapter 3: Sign Magnitude and Floating Point Arithmetic.....................................................45
Overview................................................................................................................................45
3.1 Signed Magnitude of Binary Numbers..............................................................................45
3.2 Floating Point Arithmetic..................................................................................................46
3.3 Summary..........................................................................................................................52
3.4 Exercises..........................................................................................................................53
Chapter 4: Binary Codes.............................................................................................................57
Overview................................................................................................................................57
4.1 Encoding..........................................................................................................................57
4.2 The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) Code.......................62
4.3 The Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC)...............................64
4.4 Parity Bits..........................................................................................................................64
4.5 Error Detecting and Correcting Codes..............................................................................65
4.6 Cyclic Codes.....................................................................................................................66
4.7 Summary..........................................................................................................................69
4.8 Exercises..........................................................................................................................71
Chapter 5: Fundamentals of Boolean Algebra.........................................................................73
Overview................................................................................................................................73
5.1 Basic Logic Operations.....................................................................................................73
5.2 Fundamentals of Boolean Algebra....................................................................................73
5.3 Truth Tables.......................................................................................................................74
5.4 Summary..........................................................................................................................76
5.5 Exercises..........................................................................................................................77
Chapter 6: Minterms and Maxterms..........................................................................................80
Overview................................................................................................................................80
6.1 Minterms..........................................................................................................................80
6.2 Maxterms.........................................................................................................................81
6.3 Conversion from One Standard Form to Another.............................................................82
6.4 Properties of Minterms and Maxterms..............................................................................83
6.5 Summary..........................................................................................................................87
6.6 Exercises..........................................................................................................................88
Chapter 7: Combinational Logic Circuits..................................................................................92
Overview................................................................................................................................92
7.1 Implementation of Logic Diagrams from Boolean Expressions.......................................92
7.2 Obtaining Boolean Expressions from Logic Diagrams.....................................................98
7.3 Input and Output Waveforms............................................................................................99
7.4 Karnaugh Maps...............................................................................................................101
7.5 Design of Common Logic Circuits.................................................................................109
7.6 Summary........................................................................................................................135
7.7 Exercises........................................................................................................................136
Chapter 8: Sequential Logic Circuits.......................................................................................152
Overview..............................................................................................................................152
8.1 Introduction to Sequential Circuits.................................................................................152
8.2 Set-Reset (SR) Flip Flop.................................................................................................152
8.3 Data (D) Flip Flop...........................................................................................................156
8.4 JK Flip Flop....................................................................................................................157
8.5 Toggle (T) Flip Flop........................................................................................................158
8.6 Flip Flop Triggering........................................................................................................159
8.7 Edge-Triggered Flip Flops..............................................................................................159
8.8 Master/Slave Flip Flops..................................................................................................160
8.9 Conversion from One Type of Flip Flop to Another.......................................................161
8.10 Analysis of Synchronous Sequential Circuits...............................................................164
8.11 Design of Synchronous Counters..................................................................................171
8.12 Registers.......................................................................................................................176
8.13 Ring Counters...............................................................................................................180
8.14 Ring Oscillators.............................................................................................................183
8.15 Summary.......................................................................................................................183
8.16 Exercises......................................................................................................................186
Chapter 9: Memory Devices.....................................................................................................201
Overview..............................................................................................................................201
9.1 Random-Access Memory (RAM)...................................................................................201
9.2 Read-Only Memory (ROM)............................................................................................203
9.3 Programmable Read-Only Memory (PROM).................................................................206
9.4 Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM)................................................207
9.5 Electrically-Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM)..........................207
9.6 Flash Memory.................................................................................................................207
9.7 Memory Sticks................................................................................................................208
9.8 Cache Memory................................................................................................................208
9.9 Virtual Memory...............................................................................................................209
9.10 Scratch Pad Memory.....................................................................................................210
9.11 Summary.......................................................................................................................210
9.12 Exercises......................................................................................................................211
Chapter 10: Advanced Arithmetic and Logic Operations......................................................214
Overview..............................................................................................................................214
10.1 Computers Defined.......................................................................................................214
10.2 Basic Digital Computer System Organization and Operation.......................................215
10.3 Parallel Adder................................................................................................................217
10.4 Serial Adder...................................................................................................................218
10.5 Overflow Conditions.....................................................................................................219
10.6 High-Speed Addition and Subtraction...........................................................................222
10.7 Binary Multiplication....................................................................................................224
10.8 Binary Division.............................................................................................................226
10.9 Logic Operations of the ALU........................................................................................227
10.10 Other ALU Functions..................................................................................................228
10.11 Summary.....................................................................................................................228
10.12 Exercises.....................................................................................................................229
Chapter 11: Introduction to Field Programmable Devices...................................................237
Overview..............................................................................................................................237
11.1 Programmable Logic Arrays (PLAs).............................................................................237
11.2 Programmable Array Logic (PAL)................................................................................241
11.3 Complex Programmable Logic Devices (CPLDs)........................................................242
11.4 Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs)...................................................................266
11.5 FPGA Block Configuration-Xilinx FPGA Resources...................................................278
11.6 The CPLD versus FPGA Trade-Off..............................................................................284
11.7 What is Next..................................................................................................................285
11.8 Summary.......................................................................................................................287
11.9 Exercises......................................................................................................................288